This app sounds similar like a deck of Flash Cards, or Quiz cards.
With flash cards, the goal is often to work one card after another, keeping the user in a focussed state. They do a burst of exercises, then take a break. Allow them to keep going without having to go back and forth to the list allows for a mental sprint.
Having Next and Prev links will save them from having to hop back and forth from gallery to detail.
If you give them a close link, they can always go back to the list.
Navigating to a specific card from a list
You mentioned having a dropdown to go to a specific card. This assumes they've memorized a title or sequence number. This will get difficult with 50 cards. Plus a dropdown with a long list in mobile gets unwieldy.
In that case, they can just close the current card and pick from the list, which you said has a preview of the exercise itself.